ARDALES

COMMENTARY BY BRAUN: "On a high cliff above Ardales stands a fortress that was built by the Moors in earlier times on the border with Seville. The fortress was later furnished with additional buildings by the Christians, victors over the Moors. There is an irrigation channel here along which clear, pure water is conducted from the neighbouring mountain to the fortress and on to the town, bringing the inhabitants abundant water with its many advantages."

The view shows Ardales situated on a tributary of the River Guadalhorce between Ronda and Antquera. High above the town is the fortress, perched on one of the foothills of the Sierra de Peñarruba at an elevation of some 500 m. It was built towards the end of the 9th century by rebellious Moors. It served as a stronghold for the insurgents grouped around Umar inbn-Hafsun, who revolted against the Emirate of Córdoba and later converted to Christianity. The revolt ended in AD 928 with the capture of the rebels' headquarters - the nearby fortress of Bobastro - by the eighth Emir of Córdoba, 'Abd ar-Rahman III. After the successful campaign of the Reconquista by Ferdinand III, Ardales found itself on the border between Christian Seville and Moorish Granada and was occupied by both sides alternately until finally falling to the Christians in 1453/54. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the latter constructed the irrigation channel (Cannos d'agua, right) that brought water to the city from the nearby Sierra de Alcaparain.

CÁRTAMA

COMMENTARY BY BRAUN: "Cártama lies two miles from Malaga at the foot of a large mountain that runs to the Mediterranean. It is a small town with a fortress whose inhabitants live from arable farming and cattle breeding. In the vicinity, there are many oaks and trees with walnuts, which are used for ink, dyeing leather and also for medicines. Capers also grow there in great numbers, collected by the common people, taken to the capital of Málaga and exported across the sea to the Netherlands and other countries."

The view shows Cártama, which lies west of Málaga. Due to its strategic location on the right bank of the Guadalhorce and along a natural route from the coast into the interior, the Iberians settled it early on. Over the following centuries, it was occupied by the Phoenicians and, in 195 BC, by the Romans, who left many archaeological traces of their 600-year rule. The fortress, originally established by the Iberians and considerably enlarged by the Romans, was rebuilt by the Visigoths. It assumed key importance, however, only after the invasion of the Moors, who in the 10th century gave the castle its present form and for whom it served as one of Málaga's most important defences. It was finally conquered by the Catholic king in 1485. (Taschen)

Braun G. & Hogenberg F. and the Civitates Orbis Terrarum.

The Civitates Orbis Terrarum, or the "Braun & Hogenberg", is a six-volume town atlas and the most excellent book of town views and plans ever published: 363 engravings, sometimes beautifully coloured. It was one of the best-selling works in the last quarter of the 16th century. Georg Braun wrote the text accompanying the plans and views on the verso. Many plates were engraved after the original drawings of a professional artist, a professional artist, Joris Hoefnagel (1542-1600). The first volume was published in Latin in 1572, and the sixth in 1617. Frans Hogenberg created the tables for volumes I through IV, and Simon van den Neuwel made those for volumes V and VI. Other contributors were cartographers Daniel Freese and Heinrich Rantzau. Works by Jacob van Deventer, Sebastian Münster, and Johannes Stumpf were also used. Translations appeared in German and French.

Following the original publication of Volume 1 of the Civitates in 1572, seven further editions of 1575, 1577, 1582, 1588, 1593, 1599 and 1612 can be identified. Vol.2, first issued in 1575, was followed by further editions in 1597 and 1612. The subsequent volumes appeared in 1581, 1588, 1593, 1599 and 1606. The German translation of the first volume appeared from 1574 on, and the French edition from 1575 on.

Several printers were involved: Theodor Graminaeus, Heinrich von Aich, Gottfried von Kempen, Johannis Sinniger, Bertram Buchholtz and Peter von Brachel, who all worked in Cologne.

Georg Braun (1541-1622)

Georg Braun was born in Cologne in 1541. After his studies in Cologne, he entered the Jesuit Order as a novice. 1561, he obtained his bachelor's degree, and in 1562, he received his Magister Artium. Although he left the Jesuit Order, he studied theology, gaining a licentiate in theology.

Frans Hogenberg (1535-1590)

Frans Hogenberg was a Flemish and German painter, engraver, and mapmaker. He was born in Mechelen as the son of Nicolaas Hogenberg.

By the end of the 1560s, Frans Hogenberg was employed upon Abraham Ortelius's Theatrum Orbis Terrarum, published in 1570; he is named an engraver of numerous maps. In 1568, he was banned from Antwerp by the Duke of Alva and travelled to London, where he stayed a few years before emigrating to Cologne. He immediately embarked on his two most important works, the Civitates, published in 1572 and the Geschichtsblätter, which appeared in several series from 1569 until about 1587.

Thanks to large-scale projects like the Geschichtsblätter and the Civitates, Hogenberg's social circumstances improved with each passing year. He died as a wealthy man in Cologne in 1590.